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CHAPTER VI.

CHAPTER VI.

Departure from Easter Island — Astronomical Ohservations — Arrival at the Sandwich Islands — Anchor in the Bay of Keriporepo in the Island qf Mowee — Departure.

      After leaving Cook's Bay in Easter Island at ten in the evening, I stood to the northward, and coasted along the shore of that island at the distance of a league by moon-light. We did not lose sight of the land till the next day at two in the afternoon, at the distance of twenty leagues. The winds were constantly at south-east and east-south-east. The weather was extremely clear, and did not change till the wind came round to the east-north-east, where it continued from the 17th to the 20th, when we began to catch bonetas, which constantly followed our frigates as far as the Sandwich islands, and afforded us almost daily, for six weeks together, a complete supply for our people. This excellent food preserved them in the best state of health, and after ten months' navigation, during which we were no more than twenty-five days in port, we had not a single sick person on board either of the vessels. Our course lay through unknown seas, and was nearly parallel to that of captain Cook, in 1777, when he sailed from the Society Islands for the north-west coast of America; but we were about eight hundred leagues more to the east. I flattered myself, that in a traverse of near two hundred leagues we should make some discovery. Men were constantly at the mast head, and I had promised a reward to the first who should discover land. To overlook a greater space, our two frigates sailed abreast of each other during the day, with an interval of three or four leagues between them.

      In this, as in all the rest of our traverses, Mr. Dagelet lost no opportunity, of making observations of lunar distance. Their agreement with the time-

keepers of Mr. Berthoud was so exact, that the difference never exceeded ten or fifteen minutes of a degree; and they served to prove the accuraey of each other. Mr. de Langle's calculations were equally satisfactory, and we knew every day the course of the currents, by the difference between the longítude by reckoning and that by observation. They carried us to the west as far as one degree of south latitude with a velocity of about three leagues in twenty-four hours, after which they carried us to the east with the same velocity as far as seven degrees north, where they resumed their course to the west; and, on our arrival at the Sandwich Islands, our longitude by account differed nearly 5° from that by observation; so that if, like the ancient navigators, we had possessed no method of ascertaining the longitude by observation, we should have placed the Sandwich Islands 5° more to the eastward. It is undoubtedly from this direction of the currents, formerly but little observed, that the errors in the Spanish charts have arisen. For it is remarkable, that most of the islands discovered by Quiros, Mendana, and other navigators of that nation, have been re-discovered in the modern times, and have always been too near in their charts to the coast of America. I must also add, that if the vanity of our pilots had not been a little mortified at the difference which was daily found between the longitude by account and that by observation, it is very probable that we should have had error of eight or ten degrees in making the land, and consequently that in a less enlightened age we should have placed the Sandwich Islands ten degrees more to the eastward.

      These reflections left me considerably in doubt respecting the existence of a cluster of islands called by the Spaniards La Mesa, Los Majos, and La Disgraciada. In the chart which admiral Anson took on board the Spanish galleon, and of which the editor of his voyage has given an engraving, this cluster is placed exactly in the latitude of the Sandwich Islands, but 16 or 17 degrees more to the eastward, My daily differences or errors of longitude induced me to think that these islands were absolutely the same^*;

but what completed my conviction was the name of Mesa, which signifies Table, given by the Spaniards to the island of Owhyhee. I had read in the description of this same island by captain King, that, after having doubled the eastern point, a mountain appears in sight called Mowna-roa, which is visible at a great distance. "It is fiat," he says, "at the top, making what is called by mariners table-land ^*." The expression in the English, therefore, corresponds with that in the Spanish.

      Though the season was far advanced, and I had not a moment to lose, in order to reach the American coast, I determined to shape a course that should bring my opinion to the proof. The result, if I were in an error,

must necessarily have been, that I should discover a second cluster of islands, forgotten by the Spaniards for perhaps more than a century, and should determine their position and their exact distance from the Sandwich Islands. Those who know my character will not suspect, that in this research I could be guided by any wish to rob captain Cook of the honour of this discovery. Full of respect and admiration for the memory óf this great man, he will ever be considered by me as the first of navigators, as the individual who has determined the exact situation of these islands, explóred their coasts, ascertained the manners, usages, and religion of the inhabitants, and who has paid with his life for all the information we at present possess respecting them. This man, I say; is the true Christopher Columbus of these countries, of the coast of Alashka, and of almost all the islands of the South-sea. Chance has given the discovery of islands to the most ignorant; but the honour belongs only to great characters like him, to leave nothing to be regretted or desired respecting the countries they have explored. Seamen, philosophers, naturalists, find alike in his Voyages that information which their respective pursuits may lead them to demand. All men, perhaps, and most assuredly all navigators, owe the tribute of praise to his memory; and shall I be thought to with-hold my portion at the moment of my arrival at the group of islands, where his career was so unfortunately terminated?

      On the 7th of May, in 8° north latitude, we saw many birds of the petrel kind, with some man of war and tropic birds. These two last species are said to fly but a small distance from the land. We likewise saw a great many turtle pass by our ships. The Astrolabe caught two, which we shared, and which proved excellent. The birds and the turtle were in sight as far as 14°, and I have no doubt but that we passed near some island, probably unínhabited; for a rock in the middle of the sea would serve as the retreat of these animals rather than a cultivated country. We were then very near Rocca Partida and La Nublada,. I directed my course so as to have passed almost in sight of the former, if it's longitude had been accurately determined; but I would not run into it's latitude, because I had not, from my other projects, a single day to spare for this research. It was pro-

bable I might not meet with it, and I was little surprised at finding no signs of it's appearance. When I had passed it's latitude the birds disappeared, and, till my arrival at the Sandwich Islands, through a space of five hundred leagues, we never saw more than two or three in a day.

      On the 15th I was in 19° 17' north latitude and 130° west longitude; that is to say, in the same latitude as the cluster of islands in the Spanish charts, as well as in that of the Sandwich Islands, though a hundred leagues more to the eastward than the former, and four hundred and sixty to the eastward of the latter. As I thought it would render an important service to geography if I could succeed in erasing from the charts those idle names, denoting islands which have no existence, and perpetuating errors extremely injurious to navigation, I wished, in order to rernove every doubt, to continue my course as far as the Sandwich Islands. I even formed the project of passing between the islands of Owhyhee and Mowee, which the English were not so situated as to be able to explore; and I purposed to land at Mowee, to obtain some provisions, and then depart without losing an instant. I knew, that by following my plan only in part, and exploring no more than two hundred leagues on this parallel, there might still be unbelievers; and I was desirous that there should not remain against my conclusions the slightest objection.

      On the 18th of May I was in latitude 20° north and 139° longitude west, precisely upon the island Disgraciada of the Spaníards, but had no sigas of land.

      On the 20th I had passed through the middle of the supposed cluster of los Majos, and had yet met with no indication of the vicinity of any island. I continued to run to the west, on the parallel between 20° and 21°, and at length, on -the 28th in the morning, I was in sight of the mountains of Owhyhee, which were covered with snow, and soon afterwards saw those of Mowee, somewhat less elevated than the former. I made a press of saíl to approach the land, but was still, when night closed in, at the

distance of seven or eight leagues. I therefore stood off and on in expectation of day-break, to enter the channel between these two islands, and to seek an anchoring place to the leeward of Mowee near the island of Morokinne. Our longitude by observation agreed so perfectly with that of captain Cook, that, having traced our bearings upon the English charts, we found only 10' difference, which we were more to the eastward.

      At nine in the morning the point of Mowee bore west 15° north, and a small island also appeared, bearing west 22° north, which the English could not see from any of their positions, and consequently it does not appear on their chart, which in this part is very defective; whereas every thing which they have, laid down from their own observations deserves the highest encomium, The aspect of the island of Mowee was delightful. I coasted along it's shore at the distance of a league. It projects into the channel in the direction of south-west by west. We beheld water falling in cascades from the mountains, and running ín streams to the sea, after having watered the habitations of the natives, which are so numerous that a space of three or four leagues may be taken for a single village: but all the huts are on the sea-coast, and the mountains are so near, that the habitable part of the island appeared to be less than half a league in depth. To form a conception of what we felt, it is necessary to be a seaman, and to be reduced, as we were, in a burning climate to a single bottle of water a-day. The trees which crowned the mountains, and the verdure of the banana plants that surrounded the habitations, produced inexpressible charms te our senses; but the sea beat upen the coast with the utmost violence, and kept us in, the situation of Tantalus, to desire and devour with our eyes what it was impossible for us to attain.

      The breeze had freshened, and we were running at the rate of two leagues an hour, which encouraged me in an endeavour hefore night to explore this part of the island as far as Morokinne, near which I hoped to find an anchoring place sheltered from the trade winds. This plan, dictated by the imperious necessity of circumstances, did not permit me to

shorten sail in order to waít for about a hundred and fifty canoes which put off from the shore with hogs and vegetables, which the Indians proposed to exchange with us for pieces of iron.

      Almost all these canoes boarded one or the other of the frigates; but our velocity was so great that they filled with water alongside, and the islanders were under the necessity of quitting the rope which we had thrown out to them, and swim away. They first hastened after their hogs, which they brought back in their arms, lifted them on their shoulders into their boats, out of whích they emptied the water, and cheerfully entering them again, endeavoured by every exertion to recover the position they had lost near our frigates, and which had been instantly occupied, by others that also met with the same accident. Of these canoes, forty at least were overset, and, though the commerce between us and these honest Indians was infinítely agreeable to both parties, it was impossíble for us to procure more than fifteen hogs and some fruits, and we lost the opportunity of bargaining for more than three hundred others.

      These canoes had outriggers; each contained from three to five men; and those of middling size might be twenty-four feet long, a single foot only in breadth, and nearly the same in depth. We weighed one of this dimension, which did not exceed fifty pounds. With these frail vessels it is that the inhabitants of these islands make excursions to the distance of sixty leagues, traverse through straits twenty leagues in width, such as that between Atooi and Wohaoo, where the sea is extremely high. But they are such excellent swimmers that they will almost bear a comparíson with the natives of the watery element.

      In proportion as we advanced, the mountains seemed to withdraw to distance within the interior of the island, which exhibited the form of an amphitheatre of considerable magnitude, and of a yellow green. No cascades were to be seen; the trees were less crowded together in the plain, and the villages composed of ten or twelve huts only, very remote from each other. At every instant we, had just cause to regret the country we

had left behind us; and, to add to our mortification, we did not find an anchoring place well sheltered till we came to a dismal coast, where torrents of lava had forrnerly flowed, like the cascades which pour forth their waters in the other part of the island.

      After having steered south-west by west, as far as the south-west point pf the island of Mowee, I hauled to the west, and afterwards to the northwest, in order to gain the anchorage where the Astrolabe had already hrought up in twenty-three fathoms, hard grey sand, about a mile from the shore. We were no otherwise sheltered than by a large promontory topped with clouds, which from time to time occasioned us some severe squalls; and the winds changing every instant we were continually dragging our anchors. This road was rendered still more unsafe from our exposure to currents, which prevented our riding head to wind, except during the squalls; but these rendered the sea so rough, that our boats could not sail but with the utmost difliculty. I nevertheless immediately dispatched one to sound in different directions. The officer reported that the bottom was the same all the way to the shore; that the depth diminished gradually, and that it was still seven fathoms at two cables' length from the landing place; but when we weighed our anchor, I found that the cable was rendered absolutely unserviceable by friction, and that under a slight stratum of sand there must have been a rocky bottom.

      The Indians of the villages of this part of the island hastened alongside in their canoes, bringing, as articles of commerce, hogs, potatoes, bananas, roots of arum, which the Indians call tarro, with cloth and some other curiosities making part of their dress. I would not permit them however. to come on board till the frigate was moored and the sails handed. I told them that I was taboo ^*, a word which I had learned from the English

accounts, and which was attended with all the success I expected. Mr. de Langle, who had not taken the same precaution, had his decks in an instant crowded with a multitude of Indians. But they were so docíle and so apprehensive of giving offence, that it was extremely easy to prevail on them to return to their boats. I had no idea of a people so mild and so attentive. When I permitted them to come on board my ship, they did not advance a step without our concurrence; they always evinced a fear of displeasing us; and the greatest good faith prevailed in their dealings. Our pieces of old iron hoop strongly excíted their desires, and they showed no want of address in making a good bargain to procure them. They steadily refused to sell any quantity of cloth or number of hogs in the wholesale way, aware that they might derive more profit by the separate sale of each individual article.

      This habit of traffic, and knowledge of iron, which, from their own confession, they did not acquire from the English, are new proofs of the communication which these islands formerly had with the Spaniards ^*. A century ago that nation had very strong reasons for not making known these islands, because the western seas of America were infested with pirates, who might have found supplies of provisions there; but who, on the contrary, from the difficulty of procuring them, were obliged to run to the west towards the Indian ocean, or to return to the Atlantic sea by Cape Horn. When the navigation of the Spaniards became reduced to a single galleon from Manilla, I suppose that this vessel, which was extremely rich, was ordered by the proprietors to keep a fixed course,

which might diminish their risques. Whence it happened by degrees, that this nation lost even the remembrance of these islands, which are preserved in the general chart to Cook's third voyage, by lieutenant Roberts, with their ancient position 15° to the eastward of the Sandwich Islands: but their identity with these last being in my opinion demonstrated, I have thought proper, by erasing them, to clear the surface of the sea.

      It was so late before our sails were handed, that I was obliged to postpone going on shore at this place till the next day, where nothing could detain me but a convenient watering-place: but we had already observed, that this part of the coast was altogether destitute of running water, the slope of the mountains having directed the fall of all the rains towards the weather side. It is probable that the labour of a few days might be sufficient to supply the whole island with so valuable a necessary of life; but these Indians are not yet arrived at the requisite degree of industry, though in many other respects so greatly advanced. From the narratives of the English we are well acquainted with the form of their government; and the extreme subordination which prevails among them is a proof that there is an acknowledged power, which extends gradually from the king to the lowest chief, and of which the whole weight bears upon the people. My imagination was delighted in comparing these with the inhabitants of Easter Island, whose industry is at least equally advanced. The monuments of the latter show even more intelligence, and their cloths are better manufactured and their houses better built; but their government is so vicious, that no person has a right to check irregularities. They acknowledge no authority; and though I do not think them absolutely depraved, it is but too common for their licentiousness to produce mischievous, and even fatal consequences. When I contrasted these two societies, all the advantages were in favour of the natives of the Sandwich Islands, though my prejudices were strong against them on account of the death of captain Cook. It is more natural for navigators to regret the loss of so great a man, than coolly to examine whether some imprudence on hís part might

not in a manner have compelled the inhabitants of Owyhee to have recourse to a just and necessary defence ^*.

      The night was perfectly calm, with the exception of a few occasional squalls, which did not last above ten minutes. At day-break the Astrolabe's long-boat was dispatched, with Messrs. de Vaujuas, Bourin and Bernizet, who had orders to examine a very deep bay to the north-west, where I supposed the anchorage to be better than at the place where we were but, though practicable, it proved not preferable to that which we occupied. According to the report of these officers, this part of the island of Mowee affording neither water nor wood, and having very bad roads, must be little frequented by navigators.

      At eight in the morning four boats belonging to the two frigates were ready to set off. The two first carried twenty armed soldiers, commanded by Mr. de Pierrevert, one of the lieutenants. Mr. de Langle and myself, with all the passengers and officers who were not detained by their duty on board, were in the two others. This preparation did not alarm the natives, who since day-break had been alcngside in their canoes. These Indians continued their traffic without being in the least disposed to follow us, and preserved the same air of confidence in us, which their countenances had never ceased to express. About a hundred and twenty persons, men and women, waited for us on the shore. The soldiers, with their officers, landed first. We marked the space we wished to reserve to ourselves; and the military, having fixed their bayonets, performed the same evolutions as if in the presence of an enemy. These formalities made no impression on the natives. The women showed by the most expressive gestures, that there was no mark of kindness which they were not disposed to confer upon us; and the men, in the most respectful attitude, endeavoured to discover the motive of our visit, in order to anticipate our desires. Two Indians, who appeared to have some authority over the others, advanced, and with great gravity made a speech of considerable length, of which I did not understand a single word; and each offered me a present of a hog, which I accepted. In return I gave them medals, hatchets and other pieces of iron, which were of inestimable value to them. My liberality produced a striking effect. The women redoubled their caresses; but they were little seductive. Their features had

no delicacy, and their dress permitted us to observe, in most of them, traces of the ravages occasioned by the venereal disease. As no women had come on board in the canoes, I was dísposed to think, that they attributed to the Europeans those evils of which they bore the marks; but I soon perceived that this remembrance, supposing it real, had not left in their minds the smallest resentment.

      I shall here take the liberty to examine, whether the modern navigators are the true authors of these evils, and whether this crime, with which they reproach themselves in their narratives, be not more apparent than real. To give to my conjectures the greater weight, I shall support them by the observations of Mr. Rollin, a very enlightened man, and surgeon of my ship. He visited in the island several inhabitants attacked by this disease, and observed appearances, the gradual developement of which would have required in Europe twelve or fifteen years. He likewise saw children of seven or eight years of age, in whom it prevailed, and who could only have contracted it during the period of gestatíon. I must futher observe, that captain Cook, on his first arrival at the Sandwich Islands, landed only at Atooí and Oneeheow; and that nine months after, on his return from the north, he found that the inhabitants of Mowee, who came on board, were almost all affected with it. As Mowee is sixty leagues to the windward of Atooi, this progress seems to me to be too rapid not to afford some doubts upon the subject ^*. If to these diiferent observations be added such as may result from the ancient communication of these islanders with the Spaniards, it will doubtless appear probable, that they have long since shared with other nations in the misfortunes attached to this scourge of humanity.

      I have thought this discussion due to modern navigators. All Europe, misled by their own narratives, have continually reproached them for a

crime, which the chiefs of this expedítion supposed it out of their power to have prevented.. There is a reproach, however, which they cannot escape; namely, the not having taken sufficient precautions to avoid the evil; and if it be nearly demonstrated, that this disease is not the effect of their imprudence, it has not equally been shown, that their communication with this people did not give it greater activity, and render it's consequences much more dreadful ^*.

      After having visited the village, I ordered six soldiers and a serjeant to attend us, and I left the others at the landing-place, under the command of Mr. de Pierrevert, to guard our boats, from which none of the sailors had come on shore.

      Though the French were the first who, ín modern times, had landed on the island of Mowee, I did not thínk it my duty to take posession ín the name of the king. The customs of Europeans on such occasions are completely ridiculous. Philosophers must doubtless lament to see that men, for no better reason than because they are in possession of fire-arms and bayonets, should make no estimation of sixty thousand of their fellow creatures, and should consider as an object of conquest a land fertilised by the painful exertions of it's inhabitants, and for many ages the tomb of their ancestors. These islands have fortunately been discovered at a period when religion no longer serves as a pretext for violence and rapine. Modern navigators have no other object in describing the manners of remote nations, than that of completing the history of man, and the knowledge they endeavour to diffuse has for it's solo aim to render the people they visit more happy, and to augment their means of subsistence.

      It is in pursuance of these principles that they have already conveyed to remote islands black cattle, goats and sheep; have planted trees, sown

useful grain in all these countries, and supplied the inhabitants with tools proper to accelerate the progress of their industry. For our part we should be amply repaid for the extreme fatigues of this expedition, if we could succeed in destroying the custom of human sacrífices, which is said to be generally prevalent among the íslands of the South sea. But, notwithflanding the opinions of Mr. Anderson and captain Cook, think with captain King, that a people so good, so mild and so hospitable cannot be cannibals. An atrocious religion does not easily accord with gentle manners; and, since captain King says, that the priests were their best friends, I think I may conclude, that if mildness and humanity have already made progress in this class, which has the charge of human sacrifices, the rest of the inhabitants must be still less ferocious. It seems evident therefore that anthropophagy no longer exists among these islanders, though it's cessation is probably of recent date ^*.

      The soil of this island is entirely formed of decomposed lava, and other volcanic substances. The inhabitants have no other drink but a brackish water, obtained from shallow wells, which afford scarcely more than half a barrel a day. During our excursion we observed four small villages of about ten or twelve houses each, built and covered with straw in the same manner as those of our poorest peasants. The roof has a double slope; the door, which is in the gable end, is about three feet and a half high, and consequently cannot be entered without stooping, and is shut by a simple latch, which any one can open and obtain admittance. Their moveables consist of mats, which, like our carpets, afford a clean and neat floor, upon which they sleep; and they have no other culinary utensils than large calabash shells, to which they give whatever form they please while they are green; and they varnish and trace upon them every kind,of design in black. I have likewise secn some which were glued toge-

ther, and by that means formed very large vessels. It appears that this cement is capable of resisting moisture, and I should have been glad to have known it's composition. Their stuffs, of which they have a very great quantity, are made of the paper mulberry, like those of the other islands but, though painted with greater variety, their fabrication appeared to be inferior. Upon my return I was again harangued by some women, who waited for us under some trees. They offered me several pieces of stuff, for which I paid with hatchets and nails.

      The reader must not expect to find any detail in this place concerning a people with whom the world has been made so well acquainted by the English navigators, who remained four months in these islands, whereas our stay was only a few hours; and who had the further advantage of understanding the language of the country. We shall therefore confine ourselves to the relation of our own history.

      We left the island at eleven in the morning in good order, without confusion, and without having the least cause of complaint against any one. We arrived on board at noon, where Mr. de Clonard had been visited by a chief, and had purchased of him a cloak and a fine helmet, ornamented with red feathers. He had likewise bought upwards of an hundred hogs, with bananas, sweet potatoes, tarro, a large quantity of cloth, mats, a canoe with an out-rigger, and various other small articles of feathers and shells. On our arrival the two frigates dragged their anchors. The wind was strong from the east-south-east, and we drove towards Morokinne, which was, however, sufficiently distant to permit us to hoist in our boats. I made the signal for weighing, but before the anchor was up I was obligcd to set sail, and drag till we had passed the Morokinne Isle, that the current might not drive us beyond the channel. If the anchor had unfortunately struck in any cavity of a rock during this manoeuvre, or if the ground had not been sufáciently uniform for it to slide along the bottom, I should have been obliged to cut the cable.

      We did not completeiy get our anchor in till five in the cvening, when,

it was too late to direct our course between the isle of Ranai and the western point of Mowee; a new channel I was desirous of examining, but prudence did not admit of the attempt during the night. Till eight in the evening we had such light breezes that we could not advance more than half a league. At length the wind fixed at the north-east, and I stood to the westward, passing at an equal distance from the north-west point of the island of Tahoorowa, and the south-west point of the island of Ranai. At day-break I made for the south-west point of the island of Morotoi, which I coasted at three quarters of a league distance, and came into the open sea, like the English, through the channel which separates the island of Wohaoo from that of Morotoi. This last island had no appearance of being inhabited in this part, although, according to the English accounts, it is very populous on the other side. It is remarkable that, in these islands, the most fertile and healthy districts, and consequently the most populous, are always to the windward. Our islands of Guadaloupe, Martinico, &c. have so perfect a resemblance to this new cluster, that, as far as navigation is concerned, the circumstances appeared to me to be exactly the same.

      Messrs. Dagelet and Bernizet have taken with the greatest care all the bearings of this part of Mowee along which we coasted, as well as those of Morokinne. It was impossible for the English, who never came nearer than ten leagues, to have given any exact information respecting these coasts. Mr Bernizet has drawn a very good plan (Charts and Plates, No. 13 and 14), and Mr. Dagelet has joined astronornical observations, which deserve the same confidence as those of Cook, and which, for the conveniency of the reader, are all inserted in tables at the end of this work. They show our course and precise situation from day to day, in latitude and longitude, by observation and by reckoning.

      On the first of June, at six in the evening, we were clear of all the islands. We had employed less than forty-eight hours in examining them, and at most only fifteen days to clear up a point of geography, which appeared to me of the utmost importance, since it removes from the charts five or six islands which have no existence. The fishes which had followed us from

the vicinity of Easter Island to our anchoring place there disappeared. It is a fact worthy of attention, that the same shoal of fishes had swam fifteen hundred leagues after our frigates. Several bonetas, wounded by our harping irons, carried on their backs a mark which it was impossible for us to mistake, and thus we knew again each day the same fishes we had seen the evening before. I have no doubt, if we had not stopped at the Sandwich islands, they would have followed us two or three hundred leagues farther, till they came to a temperature too cold for them to bear.

John Francis Galaup De La Perouse.
      A Voyage Round the World, Performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the Boussole and Astrolabe, under the Command of J. R G. De La Perouse.
Vol. II, pp.332-341.
  London: Printed by A. Hamilton, for G. G. and J. Robinson, Paternoster-Row 5 J. Edwards, Pall-Mall 5 and T. Payne, Mews-Gate, Castle-Street. 1799.

        The selection above is from the volume available at the Internet Archive.

      The Atlas volume of this edition of La Perouse's voyage may be found
at the University of British Columbia Library.

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